I had another installment of "Banks
and Bubbles" all set to go today. This one was going to have a little
fun with the rumor that Bank of America is negotiating to buy Countrywide
Credit, and repeat the by-now-tired observation that at the peak of the credit
cycle, bankers tend to start indulging their inner day traders, which always
leads to trouble, yada yada.
But something more interesting just happened. It seems that the markets have
stopped mistaking the banking debt orgy for "innovation" and started seeing
it for what it is: the last bit of debauchery in history's greatest credit
bubble. According to reports by Bloomberg and Associated Press, the price of "credit
insurance" on the bonds of the big investment banks has spiked.
To understand this bit of poetic justice, you first have to understand what
credit insurance is. In a nutshell, it's a derivative contract, known as a
credit default swap, in which one party promises to cover whatever losses result
from a given borrower not being able to repay a given loan. Sounds innocuous
enough, right? But in bubbles, otherwise useful tools often become monsters
that enrich their masters for a while and then break free, eviscerating everyone
within reach. Recall the collateral damage from junk bonds and dot.com IPOs,
and you get the idea.
In the case of credit insurance, the financial engineers at the big investment
banks and hedge funds figured out that writing these contracts -- that is,
promising to cover losses on various kinds of bonds -- was easy money as long
as no one was defaulting (like writing flood insurance in a drought, as Prudent
Bear's Doug Noland puts it). And so the bubble machine created a positive feedback
loop, with hedge funds writing cheap credit insurance on pretty much anything
and investment banks lending money to pretty much anyone, in order to insure
the debt and sell it to pension funds and other gullible souls. Defaults, even
among the most overleveraged companies, were low because there was always another
investment bank waiting to underwrite another issue of junk bonds. So hedge
funds competed to write the insurance, sending the cost through the floor.
And the big investment banks borrowed immense amounts of money to leverage
this process -- after all, if no one is defaulting, you can bet infinite amounts
on the proposition with impunity. They reported stunning earnings, and paid
out bonuses that would have made Mike Milken and Frank Quattrone smile.
But this week cycle shifted into reverse, and suddenly the linchpin of the
whole system, cheap credit insurance, ain't so cheap. Based on what it costs
to insure it against default, the debt of the of Wall Street's biggest banks
now looks like junk, which is another way of saying that Goldman, Merrill,
Lehman and the other masters of yesterday's universe have been exposed for
what they are: slick, sophisticated Ponzi schemes that can only operate in
their present forms with ever-larger infusions of new money. Cut off the cash
-- by, say, raising the price of credit insurance -- and the whole thing falls
apart. With that in mind, here's how Bloomberg put it today:
Goldman, Merrill Almost 'Junk,' Their Own Traders Say
Goldman Sachs Group Inc., Merrill Lynch & Co. and Morgan Stanley, which
earned a record $24.5 billion in 2006, suddenly have become so speculative
that their own traders are valuing the three biggest securities firms as
barely more creditworthy than junk bonds.
Prices for credit-default swaps linked to the bonds of the New York investment
banks this week traded at levels that equate to debt ratings of Baa2, according
to Moody's Investors Service. For Goldman, Morgan Stanley and Merrill that's
five levels below the actual Aa3 rating on their senior unsecured notes and
two steps above non-investment grade, or junk.
Traders of credit derivatives are more alarmed than stock and bond investors
that a slowdown in housing and the global equity market rout have hurt the
firms. Merrill since 2005 has financed two mortgage lenders that subsequently
failed and bought a third, First Franklin Financial Corp., for $1.3 billion.
"These guys have made a lot of money securitizing mortgages over the years
in a mortgage boom time," said Richard Hofmann, an analyst at bond research
firm CreditSights Inc. in New York. "The question now is what is the exposure
to credit risk and what are the potential revenue headwinds if they're not
able to keep that securitization machine humming along."
Credit-default swaps on the debt of Goldman, the world's biggest securities
firm, have risen to $32,775 per $10 million in bonds, up from $21,500 at
the start of the year, according to prices compiled by London-based CMA Datavision.
The price touched $35,000 on Feb. 28, the highest since June 2005.
Spokesmen and spokeswomen for Goldman, Lehman, Merrill and Morgan Stanley
declined to comment. A spokeswoman for Bear Stearns didn't immediately return
calls for comment.
The effects of a cutoff of cheap credit to the securitization machine will
be felt pretty much everywhere. But one obvious -- and okay, amusing -- impact
will be on the big investment banks' market value. If their debt is junk, then
their earnings -- driven as they are by cheap capital -- are suspect. If their
earnings are suspect, then their shares probably aren't worth anything like
the levels they've soared to on the wings of their last few blow-out quarters.
Can't wait for Monday.